{-# LANGUAGE CPP #-} {- | Module : Control.Monad.Error Copyright : (c) Michael Weber <michael.weber@post.rwth-aachen.de> 2001, (c) Jeff Newbern 2003-2006, (c) Andriy Palamarchuk 2006 License : BSD-style (see the file LICENSE) Maintainer : libraries@haskell.org Stability : experimental Portability : non-portable (multi-parameter type classes) [Computation type:] Computations which may fail or throw exceptions. [Binding strategy:] Failure records information about the cause\/location of the failure. Failure values bypass the bound function, other values are used as inputs to the bound function. [Useful for:] Building computations from sequences of functions that may fail or using exception handling to structure error handling. [Zero and plus:] Zero is represented by an empty error and the plus operation executes its second argument if the first fails. [Example type:] @'Data.Either' String a@ The Error monad (also called the Exception monad). -} {- Rendered by Michael Weber <mailto:michael.weber@post.rwth-aachen.de>, inspired by the Haskell Monad Template Library from Andy Gill (<http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~andy/>) -} module Control.Monad.Error {-# DEPRECATED "Use Control.Monad.Except instead" #-} ( -- * Monads with error handling MonadError(..), Error(..), -- * The ErrorT monad transformer ErrorT(ErrorT), runErrorT, mapErrorT, module Control.Monad, module Control.Monad.Fix, module Control.Monad.Trans, -- * Example 1: Custom Error Data Type -- $customErrorExample -- * Example 2: Using ErrorT Monad Transformer -- $ErrorTExample ) where import Control.Monad.Error.Class import Control.Monad.Trans import Control.Monad.Trans.Error (ErrorT(ErrorT), runErrorT, mapErrorT) import Control.Monad import Control.Monad.Fix #if defined(__GLASGOW_HASKELL__) && __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ < 707 import Control.Monad.Instances () #endif {- $customErrorExample Here is an example that demonstrates the use of a custom 'Error' data type with the 'throwError' and 'catchError' exception mechanism from 'MonadError'. The example throws an exception if the user enters an empty string or a string longer than 5 characters. Otherwise it prints length of the string. >-- This is the type to represent length calculation error. >data LengthError = EmptyString -- Entered string was empty. > | StringTooLong Int -- A string is longer than 5 characters. > -- Records a length of the string. > | OtherError String -- Other error, stores the problem description. > >-- We make LengthError an instance of the Error class >-- to be able to throw it as an exception. >instance Error LengthError where > noMsg = OtherError "A String Error!" > strMsg s = OtherError s > >-- Converts LengthError to a readable message. >instance Show LengthError where > show EmptyString = "The string was empty!" > show (StringTooLong len) = > "The length of the string (" ++ (show len) ++ ") is bigger than 5!" > show (OtherError msg) = msg > >-- For our monad type constructor, we use Either LengthError >-- which represents failure using Left LengthError >-- or a successful result of type a using Right a. >type LengthMonad = Either LengthError > >main = do > putStrLn "Please enter a string:" > s <- getLine > reportResult (calculateLength s) > >-- Wraps length calculation to catch the errors. >-- Returns either length of the string or an error. >calculateLength :: String -> LengthMonad Int >calculateLength s = (calculateLengthOrFail s) `catchError` Left > >-- Attempts to calculate length and throws an error if the provided string is >-- empty or longer than 5 characters. >-- The processing is done in Either monad. >calculateLengthOrFail :: String -> LengthMonad Int >calculateLengthOrFail [] = throwError EmptyString >calculateLengthOrFail s | len > 5 = throwError (StringTooLong len) > | otherwise = return len > where len = length s > >-- Prints result of the string length calculation. >reportResult :: LengthMonad Int -> IO () >reportResult (Right len) = putStrLn ("The length of the string is " ++ (show len)) >reportResult (Left e) = putStrLn ("Length calculation failed with error: " ++ (show e)) -} {- $ErrorTExample @'ErrorT'@ monad transformer can be used to add error handling to another monad. Here is an example how to combine it with an @IO@ monad: >import Control.Monad.Error > >-- An IO monad which can return String failure. >-- It is convenient to define the monad type of the combined monad, >-- especially if we combine more monad transformers. >type LengthMonad = ErrorT String IO > >main = do > -- runErrorT removes the ErrorT wrapper > r <- runErrorT calculateLength > reportResult r > >-- Asks user for a non-empty string and returns its length. >-- Throws an error if user enters an empty string. >calculateLength :: LengthMonad Int >calculateLength = do > -- all the IO operations have to be lifted to the IO monad in the monad stack > liftIO $ putStrLn "Please enter a non-empty string: " > s <- liftIO getLine > if null s > then throwError "The string was empty!" > else return $ length s > >-- Prints result of the string length calculation. >reportResult :: Either String Int -> IO () >reportResult (Right len) = putStrLn ("The length of the string is " ++ (show len)) >reportResult (Left e) = putStrLn ("Length calculation failed with error: " ++ (show e)) -}